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Reduced ground cover

Reduced canopy cover

Changed deep drainage

Increased soil waterlogging

Increased soil erosion

Soil organism loss

Increased soil salinity

Increased soil akalinity

Impact

Soil sodicity occurs naturally and can be increased by human activities such as irrigation.  It is caused by the presence of sodium attached to clay in the soil.  About 30% of the agricultural land in Australia has sodic soils.  Soil sodicity only becomes a problem when there is sufficient sodium attached to the clay in the soil to affect soil structure.  The sodium weakens the bonds between soil particles when the soil is wet, resulting in the clay swelling and often becoming detached.  These clay particles disperse throughout the soil water and can clog soil pores.  Under saline conditions the high sodium concentration can counter the swelling of the soil.

Suggested indicators: Soil chemistry*, Soil salinity*

Increased soil sodicity may be associated with:

*Yet to be developed